Risk and Adversity Factors in Adult Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Binge Eating Disorder (BED), and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): A Naturalistic Exploratory Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was a retrospective pilot chart review of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients diagnosed with and without comorbid binge eating disorder (BED) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). ADHD research is critical because of its prevalence and persistence into adulthood. In the literature, ADHD, BED, and BPD are linked to an underlying impulsivity factor. This comparative study examined whether differences existed between patient groups concerning risk factors, comorbid disorders, and continuous performance test (CPT) cognitive scoring. The main goal was to find significant associations suggestive of correlations between specific factors and a principal diagnosis of ADHD with comorbid BED and BPD. Study participants were patients between 18 and 30 diagnosed by a psychiatrist in an outpatient clinic between June 2022 and December 2022. Both the control and comorbidity groups included 50 participants (N = 100). Patients were randomly chosen based on the chronological order of intake visit dates at the clinic and were selected as participants upon meeting the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through the Med Access EMR database, with quantitative data analyzed using SPSS and chi-squared p-value tests. The results showed significant associations between a principal diagnosis of ADHD with comorbid BPD and BED and (1) having four or more overall risk factors; (2) having five specific reported psychosocial risk factors: family issues, bullying, poverty, trouble with the law, and physical abuse; and (3) having on average more risk factors and comorbidities as compared to ADHD patients without comorbid BPD and BED. No association was found between low CPT scores and, thus, differential cognitive functionality between groups. This research will inform future study hypotheses to develop the clinical profile of ADHD patients with comorbid BED and BPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".