DETERMINATION OF LOW-LEVEL CARBONIC ACID IN THE STEAM-CONDENSATE CYCLES OF FOSSIL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) has recently been identified as one of the contaminants contributing to stress corrosion cracking of low-pressure turbine disks in addition to being involved in low-pH erosion-corrosion of steam and return lines and corrosion in the air-cooling zone of watertube condensers. Many attempts to establish the exact amount of H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> in these systems were not totally satisfactory because of a lack of a selective, accurate and sensitive technique to assess low microgram per litre levels. In this work, a new technique based on non-suppressed ion chromatography has been successfully applied for examining the H2CO3 distribution in samples collected at Hydro-Quebec's Gentilly 2 nuclear power plant and Ontario Hydro's Nanticoke fossil plant. Performed for two random conditions, the analyses revealed carbonic acid levels ranging from 5 to 74 μg/L with a specific distribution for each plant and a dependence of the relative volatility on the temperature, pressure and/or chemistry. Finally, the two Canadian plants investigated in the present study have shown comparable H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> levels with a German PWR plant operating under an AVT control based on hydrazine addition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".