DETERMINATION OF LOW-LEVEL CARBONIC ACID IN THE STEAM-CONDENSATE CYCLES OF FOSSIL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) has recently been identified as one of the contaminants contributing to stress corrosion cracking of low-pressure turbine disks in addition to being involved in low-pH erosion-corrosion of steam and return lines and corrosion in the air-cooling zone of watertube condensers. Many attempts to establish the exact amount of H2CO3 in these systems were not totally satisfactory because of a lack of a selective, accurate and sensitive technique to assess low microgram per litre levels. In this work, a new technique based on non-suppressed ion chromatography has been successfully applied for examining the H2CO3 distribution in samples collected at Hydro-Quebec's Gentilly 2 nuclear power plant and Ontario Hydro's Nanticoke fossil plant. Performed for two random conditions, the analyses revealed carbonic acid levels ranging from 5 to 74 μg/L with a specific distribution for each plant and a dependence of the relative volatility on the temperature, pressure and/or chemistry. Finally, the two Canadian plants investigated in the present study have shown comparable H2CO3 levels with a German PWR plant operating under an AVT control based on hydrazine addition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".