Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present research presents the synthesis of nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (Nps-Hap) and its potential uses for cadmium and chromium removal from contaminated effluents.The Nps-Hap obtained by chemical reaction were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm analysis.The Ca/P calculated from EDAX analysis was 1.78.The synthesized nanoparticles show a surface area of 140.5 m 2 .g-1 and a pore radius of 7 nm.The results of XRD analysis showed the presence of Hap phases.TEM images show semispherical and elongated nanoparticles with mean diameter of 36.7 nm ± 13.5 nm.The removal kinetics showed that cadmium is removed more effectively than chromium, at pHs of 3 and 5 respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".