US and international per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances surface water quality criteria: A review of the status, challenges, and implications for use in chemical management and risk assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regulation of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in surface water is a work-in-progress with relatively few criteria promulgated in the United States and internationally. Surface water quality criteria (SWQC) or screening values derived for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Australia, Canada, the European Union (EU), and four US states (Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (SFB RWQCB; California) were compared. Across these eight jurisdictions, promulgated numeric criteria for the same compound and receptor span over five orders of magnitude as a result of different approaches and data interpretations. Human health criteria for PFOS range from 0.0047 to 600 ng/L depending on route of exposure (e.g., fish consumption or drinking water) and are lower than most ecological criteria for protection of aquatic and wildlife receptors. Data gaps and uncertainty in chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of PFOS and PFOA, as well as the use of conservative assumptions regarding intake and exposure, have resulted in some criteria falling at or below ambient background concentrations and current analytical detection limits (around 1 ng/L for commercial laboratories). Some jurisdictions (e.g., Australia, Canada) have deemed uncertainty in quantifying water-fish bioaccumulation too great and set fish tissue action levels in lieu of water criteria. Current dynamics associated with the emerging and evolving science of PFAS toxicity, exposure, and environmental fate (i.e., data gaps and uncertainty), as well as the continuous release of scientific updates, pose a challenge to setting regulatory limits. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:36-58. © 2023 AECOM Technical Services, Inc and The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".