Free-living bacteria stimulate sugarcane growth traits and edaphic factors along soil depth gradients under contrasting fertilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Free-living bacterial community and abundance have been investigated extensively under different soil management practices. However, little is known about their nitrogen (N) fixation abilities, and how their contributions to N budgets impact plant growth, yield, and carbon (C) and N cycling enzymes in a long-term consecutive sugarcane monoculture farming system, under contrasting amendments, along different soil horizons. Here, nifH gene amplicon was used to investigate diazotrophs bacterial community and abundance by leveraging high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Moreover, edaphic factors in three soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under control (CK), organic matter (OM), biochar (BC), and filter mud (FM) amended soils were investigated. Our analysis revealed that β-glucosidase activity, acid phosphatase activity, ammonium (NH 4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 – N), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were considerably high in 0–20 cm in all the treatments. We also detected a significantly high proportion of Proteobacteria and Geobacter in the entire sample, including Anabaena and Enterobacter in 0–20 cm soil depth under the BC and FM amended soils, which we believed were worthy of promoting edaphic factors and sugarcane traits. This phenomenon was further reinforced by network analysis, where diazotrophs bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria exhibited strong and positive associations soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter content (SOM) available phosphorus (AP), TN, followed by NH4 + -N and NO 3 – N, a pattern that was further validated by Mantel test and Pearson’s correlation coefficients analyses. Furthermore, some potential N-fixing bacteria, including Burkholderia , Azotobacter , Anabaena, and Enterobacter exhibited a strong and positive association with sugarcane agronomic traits, namely, sugarcane stalk, ratoon weight, and chlorophyll content. Taken together, our findings are likely to broaden our understanding of free-living bacteria N-fixation abilities, and how their contributions to key soil nutrients such as N budgets impact plant growth and yield, including C and N cycling enzymes in a long-term consecutive sugarcane monoculture farming system, under contrasting amendments, along different soil horizons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".