Tracking Electrolyte Motion in Cylindrical Li-ion Cells Using Moment of Inertia Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High energy density cylindrical Li-ion cells are densely packed with active materials, inactive materials and electrolyte. Injected electrolyte generally fills all pore spaces in the electrodes and separators of manufactured cells with possibly some excess. When such cells are charged, the overall volume of the electrode materials increases and therefore some electrolyte is pushed under hydraulic pressure to the spaces outside the electrode winding at the ends of the cylindrical can and also possibly into the hollow core of the cylindrical electrode winding. During discharge this electrolyte reenters the pore spaces of the electrodes as electrode particles contract. Therefore, the moment of inertia of the cell about an axis perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical can change as the cell is charged and discharged. We have built a torsional oscillator that can measure the resonant frequency, and hence the moment of inertia, of a cylindrical Li-ion cell as it is charged and discharged. Because the moment of inertia of the cell depends on the electrolyte distribution, we can “watch” the electrolyte move within the cell. The design and operation of the instrument is described here as well as experiments that demonstrate the electrolyte motion that occurs in cylindrical cells. Consequences of this electrolyte motion are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".