Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients Who Receive Different Durations of Hemodialysis: An Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Purpose This study aimed to determine the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients who received different durations of hemodialysis (HD) using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. MethodsThe study included 46 patients who received HD and 24 demographically similar healthy controls (HCs).Patients who received HD were divided into three subgroups based on its duration: HD-1 (n=15, dialysis duration 24 months), HD-2 (n=16, dialysis duration >24 and 72 months), and HD-3 (n=15, dialysis duration 73 months).All subjects completed the Mini Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment tests, and the patients who received HD underwent laboratory tests.Group-level differences in the global and regional CBFs between patients who received HD and HCs were assessed.Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the associations among CBF, clinical variables, and cognitive function.Results Compared with HCs, global and regional CBFs were significantly increased in the HD-1 and HD-2 groups (p<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the HD-3 group (p>0.05).However, compared with the HD-1 group, the HD-3 group had significantly decreased global and regional CBFs (p<0.05).The cognitive function was worse in patients who received long-term HD than in HCs.Increased dialysis duration and hemoglobin level were predictive risk factors for decreased CBF in patients who received long-term HD.Conclusions Patients who received long-term HD with normal CBF had worse cognitive function, which may be related to increased dialysis duration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it