Efficient production of singlet oxygen and organic triplet excited states in aqueous PM <sub>2.5</sub> in Hong Kong, South China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Photooxidants drive many atmospheric chemical processes. The photoexcitation of light-absorbing organic compounds (i.e., brown carbon (BrC)) in atmospheric waters can lead to the generation of reactive organic triplet excited states (3C∗), which can undergo further reactions to produce other photooxidants such as singlet oxygen (1O2). To determine the importance of these aqueous photooxidants in SOA formation and transformation, we must know their steady-state concentrations and quantum yields. However, there has been limited measurements of aqueous 3C∗ and 1O2 in atmospheric samples outside of North America and Europe. In this work, we report the first measurements of the steady-state concentrations and quantum yields of 3C∗ and 1O2 produced in aerosols in South China. We quantified the production of 3C∗ and 1O2 in illuminated aqueous extracts of PM2.5 collected in different seasons at two urban sites and one coastal semi-rural site during a year-round study conducted in Hong Kong, South China. The mass absorption coefficients at 300 nm for BrC in the aqueous PM2.5 extracts ranged from 0.49 × 104 to 2.01 × 104 cm2 g-C−1 for the three sites. Both 1O2 and 3C∗ were produced year-round. The steady-state concentrations of 1O2 ([1O2]ss) in the illuminated aqueous extracts spanned two orders of magnitude, ranging from 1.56 × 10−14 to 1.35 × 10−12 M, with a study average of (4.02 ± 3.52) × 10−13 M. The steady-state concentrations of 3C∗ ([3C∗]ss) in the illuminated aqueous extracts spanned two orders of magnitude, ranging from 2.93 × 10−16 to 8.08 × 10−14 M, with a study average of (1.09 ± 1.39) × 10−14 M. The [1O2]ss and [3C∗]ss correlated with the concentration and absorbance of BrC, thus implying that the amount of BrC drives the steady-state concentrations of these photooxidants. The locations (urban vs. semi-rural) did not have a significant effect on [3C∗]ss and [1O2]ss, which indicated that BrC from local sources did not have a significant influence on the year-round 3C∗ and 1O2 production. 3C∗ and 1O2 production were found to be the highest in winter and the lowest in summer for all three sites. The observed seasonal trends of 1O2 and 3C∗ production could be attributed to the seasonal variations in long-range air mass transport. Our analysis highlighted the key role that regional sources play in influencing the composition and concentrations of water-soluble BrC in winter PM2.5 in Hong Kong, which contributed to their highest 3C∗ and 1O2 production. The current results will be useful for modeling seasonal aqueous organic aerosol photochemistry in the South China region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".