Earworms in the Amusic Mind? Questionnaire Investigation in Congenital Amusia
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Involuntary musical imagery, colloquially known as “earworms”, is a phenomenon hypothesized to reflect involuntary rehearsal of long-term memory representations. Here we investigated musical earworms with a questionnaire adapted from Halpern and Bartlett (2011, Music Perception, 28(4), 425–432), both in typical individuals and in participants with congenital amusia. Congenital amusics have impaired short- and long-term musical memory, yet with evidence for preserved implicit processing of music. Almost all participants in both groups reported experiencing musical earworms, however less frequently so in amusics than in controls. In both groups, musical earworms were reported being mostly familiar music with lyrics, and consisted of music liked by the participants. Some features distinguished earworms in amusics and controls, with more limited familiarity effects in amusics. Moreover, amusics were deploying less voluntary strategies to stop the earworms, in keeping with less stable music memories in this group. In addition, we investigated verbal earworms in the same participants. Verbal earworms occurred less frequently than musical earworms, and were more frequent in amusics than in controls. However, the two types of earworms showed similar features and their frequencies of occurrence were correlated, suggesting they rely in part on domain-general processes. Implications for the understanding of involuntary auditory imagery and congenital amusia are discussed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it