Electronic Structure Modulation of Bimetallic Sulfides for Efficient Sacrificial-Agent-Free Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> Evolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The consumption of sacrificial agents is inevitable to improve the separation and utilization of electron–hole pairs in photocatalytic H 2 evolution, which is contrary to the current vision of carbon neutrality and carbon peak. Here, bimetallic sulfides composed of highly dispersed Cu-doped ZnS composites were proposed, exhibiting an optimal H 2 evolution activity of over 1569 μmol/g at 2 h (0.5 g/L catalyst) under visible light irradiation at pH = 3 with zero sacrificial agents or cocatalyst consumption, which is approximately 21 times higher than that of pure ZnS. A series of advanced characterizations indicate that the Cu atoms have been doped into the ZnS lattices, exposing a CuS (101) facet on the surface of the ZnS (111) facet. This results in a narrower energy bandgap ( E g = 2.6 eV) in optimal bimetallic sulfides (ZCS 0.1 ), which is beneficial for absorbing more visible light. In particular, the introduction of Cu induces a nonequilibrium charge distribution on the ZCS 0.1 surface, thereby boosting the separation and migration of photoinduced carriers. According to theory calculation (DFT) results, the hydrogen adsorption free energy (Δ G H ) of ZCS 0.1 is reduced than that of pure ZnS, facilitating the efficient reduction of H + /H 2 O around the electron accumulation regions and oxidation of H 2 O around the photogenerated hole ( h + ) regions. The modulation of the surface electronic structure is significant for effectively separating and utilizing photoinduced carriers under natural conditions without the consumption of sacrificial agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".