SIIBED: Soil Response of Dense Sand Under Rapid Inclined Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this paper is document numerical and physical modelling carried out under the SIIBED program in order to develop, calibrate and validate a design tool for assessment of risk to subsea infrastructure due to ice keel interaction with pipelines, flexible flowlines, and electrical cables. Soil response is a key factor in the complex interaction between surface-laid flowlines, iceberg keels, and the seabed. In this study, centrifuge model tests and accompanying large-deformation finite element analyses were performed to investigate the soil behavior under various water depths and pipe–soil interaction rates. A series of centrifuge tests were completed using a scaled model of a 0.324 m diameter pipe in dense silica sand with a viscous pore fluid. The model pipe was pushed into the model seabed at a 60° penetration angle, at various penetration rates and water depths. The prototype-scale pipe–soil interaction problem was modeled using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Effective stress based dense sand constitutive behaviors were simulated using a modified Mohr-Coulomb model. The pipe–soil interaction was tested under backpressure and with loading speeds comparable to mean iceberg drift speeds. A significant increase in soil resistance was observed between slow and rapid penetration tests and between the drained and undrained CEL models, indicating that penetration rate and drainage condition can greatly affect soil resistance. Furthermore, a partially drained CEL model was developed to illustrate the connection between penetration rate and drainage condition qualitatively, and how they affect the soil resistance. Meanwhile, the soil response was not sensitive to the water depths (or backpressures) in the centrifuge tests, while a high sensitivity was shown in the undrained CEL model. Potential reasons are explored.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".