Freshwater Fisheries in Canada: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Resources and Their Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract.—Currently, there are 201 native species and 21 established nonnative fish species known from the freshwaters in Canada compared to 44 species reported in the year 1700. This increase is the result of increasing exploration and sampling, evolving fish systematics, and the introduction of nonnative species. Contemporary patterns of native freshwater fish distributions in Canada have been profoundly influenced by postglacial dispersal from unglaciated refugia following the Wisconsinan Glacial Event. This chapter reviews the composition, origin, and distributional patterns of freshwater fishes nationally and regionally in Canada. The Mississippian refugium (119 species) was by far the greatest source of freshwater fish species now occurring in Canada, followed by the Atlantic coastal (59 species), Pacific (42), Missourian (26), and Beringian (17) refugia. The Laurentian Great Lakes drainage (149 species) has the greatest number of freshwater fish species, followed by the St. Lawrence (125), Western Hudson Bay (107), and Pacific (74) basins. Following the postglacial colonization of Canada, climate became a major driver of native species richness and, most recently, anthropogenic pressures have become drivers of nonnative species richness. The number of Canadian freshwater fish species will undoubtedly change not only as a result of a better understanding of fish phylogeny at the molecular level, but also as a result of the ongoing introduction of nonnative species into Canadian waters and loss of endangered species, both likely to be exacerbated under climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".