Aluminum inoculated overlay microstructure for enhanced scratch resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large M 7 C 3 carbides were refined by inoculation with small levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%) of aluminum in chromium carbide overlay. Multiple cracks were observed in the large primary M 7 C 3 carbides in 0% aluminum sample, while less cracking was observed for refined M 7 C 3 carbides, under similar scratch tests. The refinement mechanism is believed to involve the heterogeneous nucleation of carbides on Al 2 O 3 that has formed prior to M 7 C 3 nucleation. Aluminum is shown to shorten the growth time of primary M 7 C 3 carbides by raising the eutectic temperature . The overlay is slightly softer in the 1% aluminum sample due to a decrease the amount of martensite and an increase of retained austenite in the overlay matrix. A new approach is introduced to refine the primary M 7 C 3 carbides by using a small amount of Al addition without producing new hard phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".