Aluminum inoculated overlay microstructure for enhanced scratch resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large M 7 C 3 carbides were refined by inoculation with small levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%) of aluminum in chromium carbide overlay. Multiple cracks were observed in the large primary M 7 C 3 carbides in 0% aluminum sample, while less cracking was observed for refined M 7 C 3 carbides, under similar scratch tests. The refinement mechanism is believed to involve the heterogeneous nucleation of carbides on Al 2 O 3 that has formed prior to M 7 C 3 nucleation. Aluminum is shown to shorten the growth time of primary M 7 C 3 carbides by raising the eutectic temperature . The overlay is slightly softer in the 1% aluminum sample due to a decrease the amount of martensite and an increase of retained austenite in the overlay matrix. A new approach is introduced to refine the primary M 7 C 3 carbides by using a small amount of Al addition without producing new hard phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".