Compliance with smoke-free legislation in public places: An observational study in a northeast city of Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bangladesh is one of the highest tobacco-consuming countries in the world, with a large number of adult users of a variety of smoked and/or smokeless tobacco products. Bangladesh tobacco control act prohibits smoking in public places and requires the owners of public places to display 'no smoking' signages. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the level of compliance with the tobacco control act (smoke-free laws) in public places in a northeast city of Bangladesh. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between June 1 and August 25, 2020, across 673 public places in Sylhet city, Bangladesh. The data was collected using a structured observational checklist that included variables such as the presence of active smoking, the presence of designated smoking areas, the display of 'no smoking' signages, evidence of recent smoking such as ashes, butts/bidi ends, and the presence of smoking aids. RESULTS: Among 673 public places, a total of 635 indoor locations and 313 outdoor locations were observed. Only 70 (11%) indoor locations were found to be in good compliance, and 388 (61.1%) indoor locations were found to be in moderate compliance with smoke-free laws. On the other hand, only 5 (1.6%) outdoor locations were in good compliance, and 63 (20.1%) outdoor locations were in moderate compliance with smoke-free laws. The overall compliance with smoke-free laws at indoor locations was 52.7%, and at outdoor locations was 26.5%. The highest compliance was observed at healthcare facilities (58.6%) and the least at transit points (35.7%) for indoor locations. In outdoor locations, the highest compliance was observed at offices and workplaces (37.1%) and the least at transit points (2.2%). Higher active smoking was observed in public places where there was an absence of 'no smoking' signage and the presence of points of sale (POSs) (p-value <0.05). Further, higher active smoking was observed in places where any smoking aids, cigarette butts, bidi ends, or ashes were present (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found moderate compliance at indoor locations and very low compliance at outdoor locations. The government should focus more on implementing smoke-free laws in all kinds of public places, particularly at most frequently visited places and transit sites. 'No smoking' signages should be displayed per legislation across all public places. Policymakers should consider the prohibition of POS in/around a public place as it has a positive effect on smoking.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".