Novel design of flow path spacers for reverse electrodialysis cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the technologies used to harness ‘Blue Energy’, which is generated from the controlled separation of ions between salt water and fresh water through cation and anion exchange membranes (CEM/AEM) stack with end electrodes. The spacers present in between CEM and AEM allows the flow of salt and fresh water significantly affecting the fouling and concentration polarization in the RED cell. The present work focuses on improvement in flow path design, which may be used in place of mesh spacers in order to reduce pressure drop and enhance shear stress on the surface of the membrane to reduce concentration polarization. A three‐dimensional direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equation is conducted using Fluent 14.0 to analyze four different flow field designs, including serpentine, criss‐cross, rhombus, diamond, and standard mesh spacers. The simulation predicted closely the experimental data on pressure drop for the mesh spacers available in the literature. The present study points out that the diamond type flow field design, which combines characteristics of mesh spacers and flow field plates, gives lesser pressure drop per unit length with the increase in velocity within the same range of shear stress generated in mesh spacers. In other words, net power density of RED would improve with the use of diamond type spacer flow field with the decrease in concentration polarization loss and pumping power density.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".