High Cathode Loading and Low‐Temperature Operating Garnet‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries – Material/Process/Architecture Optimization and Understanding of Cell Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are prepared using garnet‐type solid electrolytes by quick liquid phase sintering (Q‐LPS) without applying high pressure during the sintering. The cathode layers are quickly sintered with a heating rate of 50–100 K min−1 and a dwell time of 10 min. The battery performance is dramatically improved by simultaneously optimizing materials, processes, and architectures, and the initial discharge capacity of the cell with a LiCoO2‐loading of 8.1 mg reaches 1 mAh cm−2 and 130 mAh g−1 at 25 °C. The all‐solid‐state cell exhibits capacity at a reduced temperature (10 °C) or a relatively high rate (0.1 C) compared to the previous reports. The Q‐LPS would be suitable for large‐scale manufacturing of ASSLBs. The multiphysics analyses indicate that the internal stress reaches 1 GPa during charge/discharge, which would induce several mechanical failures of the cells: broken electron networks, broken ion networks, separation of interfaces, and delamination of layers. The experimental results also support these failures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".