Microstructure Characterization of Cement Pastes with Recycled Aluminum Spent Pot Lining
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of locally available industrial by-products as supplementary cementitious materials and mineral fillers is vital for reducing the embodied carbon of modern concretes. Spent pot lining (SPL), a by-product of the aluminum industry, is massively produced worldwide. SPL treated with the low caustic leaching and liming process (LCLL-ash) is no more hazardous and can be used as cementitious material. This study aims to better understand the microstructure changes of cement paste incorporating aluminum smelter wastes, such as LCLL-ash and synthetic anhydrite. Ground LCLL-ash was used to partially replace cement in cement pastes with a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.35. A small amount of anhydrite was added to some mixes. This study investigated chemo-micromechanical properties of cement paste systems through multiple techniques, including X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy, and microindentation test. The results showed that the reactive alumina from LCLL-ash modified the hydrated phases with the presence of the carbo-aluminate phases. The pastes containing LCLL-ash exhibited a higher CH, and C-S-H contents refer to the reference, suggesting that LCLL-ash has a slight nucleation effect. Moreover, LCLL cement paste showed an increase in the Ca/Si ratio of the C-S-H phase intermix. Finally, microindentation results revealed that adding anhydrite with 10% LCLL-ash enhanced the mechanical property of the cement paste at 28 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".