Regional variation in cholinergic terminal activity determines the non-uniform occurrence of cortical slow waves during REM sleep in mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sleep consists of two basic stages: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is characterized by slow high-amplitude cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, while REM sleep is characterized by desynchronized cortical rhythms. Despite this, recent electrophysiological studies have suggested the presence of slow waves (SWs) in local cortical areas during REM sleep. Electrophysiological techniques, however, have been unable to resolve the regional structure of these activities because of relatively sparse sampling. Here, we map functional gradients in cortical activity during REM sleep using mesoscale imaging in mice and show local SW patterns occurring mainly in somatomotor and auditory cortical regions with minimum presence within the default mode network. The role of the cholinergic system in local desynchronization during REM sleep is also explored by calcium imaging of cholinergic activity within the cortex and analyzing structural data. We demonstrate weaker cholinergic projections and terminal activity in regions exhibiting frequent SWs during REM sleep.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".