<i>Moral Crisis in the Ottoman Empire: Society, Politics, and Gender during WWI</i> By <scp>Çiğdem Oğuz</scp>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1914, a madrasa teacher wrote a letter to the Ministry of Interior Affairs demanding the state prohibit all acts ‘incompatible with Islam’ including the operation of taverns and coffeehouses, the sale of alcohol, gambling, and ‘those things causing or encouraging adultery’. Further, the teacher insisted, the state should oblige women to ‘behave with perfect manners’ while in public and ban any women’s clothing they deemed incompatible with ‘Islamic principles’ (p. 101). Other letter writers insisted the government would do better to regulate private lives because wartime losses, natural disasters, and poor harvests were all terrible results of immoral actions by the wartime population. At the same time, the Ottoman home-front faced unique challenges—continuing ramifications from recent war experiences in the Balkans, restricted access to global resources, and the violent threat of the CUP’s ambitions to ‘redesign’ the demographic makeup of the Empire (p. 11). This complicated interweaving of morality discourses, Islamic principles, and the societal demands of ‘total war’ form a central part of Çiğdem Oğuz’s new book, one of a growing number of works to study alleged moral crises during the First World War.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".