Availability and accessibility to latrine and handwashing facilities during working hours among “boda-boda” drivers in Mwanza city
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Water access and sanitation are two of the most fundamental critical urban services upon which people in cities depend. Lack of these services may pose a major threat of disease especially in low- and middle-income countries. Mwanza City in Tanzania faces serious challenges regarding to sanitation services to the public and occupational on mobile bases such as Boda-boda. Boda-boda drivers are mobile and often come up into contact with people which might lead to the spread of diseases through the fecal-oral route. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the level of accessibility and the barriers to sanitation and hygiene among the boda-boda drivers in Mwanza city. Methods This was a community based cross sectional study carried out in Nyamagana District that involved a randomly selected 196 participants. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Data was be analyzed for frequency distribution, proportion and percentages for quantitative variables, mean ± SD. Results Almost a quarter ( 27.05%) had difficulties towards accessing latrines when they needed to use one. This was almost in parallel with 27.04% of the participants claiming latrines are not convenient in the community. Almost thirty percent (32.14%) were not satisfied with the availability of clean latrines, 67.35% claimed there are community laws or rules in place that make it more likely them to use a latrine every time they need to defecate or urinate. 84.69% showed great awareness towards realizing the importance of using latrines instead of the opposite. Conclusion Our results indicate that some of the Boda-boda drivers claims that latrines are not accessible and convenient but also habit has been a limiting factor which makes them to practice open defecation. Thus, there is inevitable need for the authority to build more clean latrines and run them as a business oriented low-cost facility i.e., pay per use. Together with making strict laws that enforces the use of latrine among the boda-boda drivers should be a priority.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".