Numerical modeling of ice–seabed interaction in layered soil: stiff over soft clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a numerical investigation of free field ice gouging in layered cohesive seabeds comprising stiff over soft clay. A three-dimensional, half-space, dynamic large deformation finite element analysis was conducted using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach. To simulate the seabed, a Tresca soil model with the strain rate and strain-softening effects was coded into a user subroutine. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing its results with those of published experimental studies. Additionally, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of various ice gouging scenarios and seabed soil parameters on the subgouge soil deformation and the ice keel reaction forces. Our findings revealed that an interactive response occurs between the soil layers and the ice keel that may cause the peak subgouge soil deformation and keel reaction magnitudes to differ from those observed under uniform soil condition. The developed model was found to be an efficient tool for free field ice gouging analysis in cohesive layered seabeds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".