Soil amendments impact root‐associated fungal communities of balsam poplar on a phosphogypsum reclamation site
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During reclamation organisms like fungi directly interact at the soil–plant interface and can potentially impact plant growth, health, and overall revegetation success. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine how topsoil amendments (mycorrhizae, biochar, compost, manure) influence root‐associated fungal communities and growth of fast growing Populus balsamifera trees on a phosphogypsum (PG) reclamation site in Alberta, Canada. Tree height, diameter, biomass, and diversity of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were assessed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing targeting the fungal internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) and ITS2. Topsoil amendments and root location (topsoil vs. PG within a treatment), greatly affected the root fungal community. Basidiomycota preferentially grew in PG, and had a high treatment specific root fungal community with highest diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi and basidiomycete yeast in biochar PG and compost PG. Populus balsamifera roots were associated with a high diversity of Ascomycota, found equally in roots in topsoil and PG, with a trend towards higher diversity and abundance in PG. The core genus found across all samples was Fusarium , a potential plant pathogen. All topsoil amendments strongly reduced abundance of Fusarium and other Ascomycota in poplar roots. Biochar and compost reduced number and abundance of potential fungal pathogens and increased number of potential plant growth promoting Basidiomycota, indicating favorable growth conditions for P. balsamifera on a phosphygypsum reclamation site by application of these amendments. This study indicates compost and biochar can be effective soil amendments to support P. balsamifera establishment and growth on a PG reclamation site.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".