<i>Ampelomyces</i> mycoparasites of powdery mildews – a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This review paper highlights the significant research conducted on fungi belonging to the genus Ampelomyces. Phylogeny based on both ITS and actin sequences has grouped Ampelomyces into different lineages. However, the ITS2 spacer, one constituent of the ITS region, together with their secondary structures (S2s), showed that these lineages are represented by different S2s; also, evidence of pseudogene formation in nuclear ribosomal genes of two isolates was reported, and S2s in Ampelomyces mycoparasites are different from those in Phoma-like fungi. Ampelomyces taxonomy is unresolved and future multi-locus analysis will assist in delimiting species. Members of the genus Ampelomyces are among the first mycoparasites used to control powdery mildew fungi as they can efficiently eliminate mycelial growth and reduce the overwintering inoculum of their mycohosts. In addition, Ampelomyces isolates were found to be resistant to some fungicides and insecticides, e.g. pyrazophos, an attractive feature for their selection as biocontrol agents. Transcriptome analyses have revealed that expression of the genes that encode proteins putatively associated with virulence and plant immune responses were enhanced during host recognition, while genes-encoding proteins linked to antibiotic resistance were predicted within the Ampelomyces genome. Proteomic studies are needed to confirm whether these proteins function in virulence and can therefore be used for biocontrol purposes or as bacterial antibiotic-resistant proteins, and which of these may trigger plant immune responses to facilitate plant protection. We encourage the continuation of these studies to benefit crop protection research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".