Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses transport pricing and funding in the United States and Canada, with a focus on road pricing in the United States. The chapter begins with a brief history of road pricing in the United States from the earliest days of priced travel until 1995 when the first innovative, priced managed lane projects opened. Now a common part of highway networks in major metropolitan regions, these projects have been extensively studied. This chapter briefly discusses the growth in innovative funding and financing through those priced facilities before focusing on more recent insights into these innovative projects. We review three key issues with initiating pricing projects: (1) the ability of the priced facility to garner support and meet traveler expectations, (2) the industry’s ability to predict travel on, and revenue from, potential priced facilities, and (3) the choice of a dynamic or variable pricing mechanism. These three issues have gained increased importance as priced facilities have moved from infancy to a high growth stage. This chapter discusses transport pricing and funding in the United States and Canada, with a focus on road pricing in the United States. The chapter begins with a brief history of road pricing in the United States from the earliest days of priced travel until 1995 when the first innovative, priced managed lane projects opened. Now a common part of highway networks in major metropolitan regions, these projects have been extensively studied. This chapter briefly discusses the growth in innovative funding and financing through those priced facilities before focusing on more recent insights into these innovative projects. We review three key issues with initiating pricing projects: (1) the ability of the priced facility to garner support and meet traveler expectations, (2) the industry’s ability to predict travel on, and revenue from, potential priced facilities, and (3) the choice of a dynamic or variable pricing mechanism. These three issues have gained increased importance as priced facilities have moved from infancy to a high growth stage. This chapter discusses transport pricing and funding in the United States and Canada, with a focus on road pricing in the United States. The chapter begins with a brief history of road pricing in the United States from the earliest days of priced travel until 1995 when the first innovative, priced managed lane projects opened. Now a common part of highway networks in major metropolitan regions, these projects have been extensively studied. This chapter briefly discusses the growth in innovative funding and financing through those priced facilities before focusing on more recent insights into these innovative projects. We review three key issues with initiating pricing projects: (1) the ability of the priced facility to garner support and meet traveler expectations, (2) the industry’s ability to predict travel on, and revenue from, potential priced facilities, and (3) the choice of a dynamic or variable pricing mechanism. These three issues have gained increased importance as priced facilities have moved from infancy to a high growth stage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.121 | 0.023 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".