Bibliographic record
Abstract
10 agriculture and commercial treaties 78 commodity price fall 59-60 developing countries 167 exports 63, 78, 106, 109 Fordney-McCumber Act 1922 60 and GATT 129, 135 imports 61, 109 incomes 61, 109, 110, 134 overproduction 59-60 protection for 3, 60, 116, 118, 126, 131, 148 and tariffs 55, 59-60, 61, 63, 112 analytical framework 9-25 Antidumping Act 1916 68, 69-70 1921 60, 70-71 see also dumping antitrust 28, 38, 71, 140 Clayton Antitrust Act 49, 68, 69 Sherman Antitrust Act 68, 70 Aquinas, Thomas 29, 30, 35 argol agreements 79-80, 83, 84 Aristotle 29, 30, 31, 37, 169 Atlantic Charter 114-15, 118 Australia economic development 121-2 MFN treatment 105 safeguard clauses 121 tariffs 64, 119 balance-of-payments problems 20, 116, 121, 126, 130, 163, 168 Belgium, MFN pledge 77, 107 beliefs 13-14, 18 Bernardino of Siena, San 30, 31 Brazil economic development 121-2 and subsidies 123 trade agreements 68, 79 Britain Alternative Trading Organization 174 Atlantic Charter 114, 118 balance-of-payments difficulties 116 British Navigation Acts 52 Cobden-Chevalier Treaty 1860 77 and Commonwealth countries 120 domestic market monopoly 10-11, 53, 56, 73, 114 employment 115, 116, 122, 129 government intervention 115 Imperial Preferences 119, 120, 125-6, 129 lend-lease agreement 114 London Economic Conference 112, 173 MFN pledge 77, 83 Oxfam 174 preferential system 64 tariff reduction policy 119 trade with US 52, 53-4, 73 Brussels Financial Conference 1920 65 burdens and benefits distributionand fairness 27, 39, 51, 61, 63, 98, 162 GATT and 132-3 and international trade 32, 53, 64, 127, 139, 147-8 safeguard rules and 142 business practices, restrictive 129 Canada reciprocal agreements with 78, 81, 83, 84 tariffs 64 capitalism 16, 33-4, 38, 47, 50, 55 and democracy, tensions between 47 211
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.634 | 0.393 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".