The Image of Gender and Political Leadership
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This is the first multi-country, factorial experiment on candidate gender designed to avoid social desirability bias and provide a real-world measure of the importance of gender via direct quantitative contrasts with party effect size (the experimental control, which was statistically significant in all cases). The eight countries: Canada in Alberta and Quebec, Chile, Costa Rica, England, Israel, Sweden, Uruguay, and the United States in California and Texas, are established presidential and parliamentary democracies that jointly offer variance on incorporation of women in government, policy agenda, electoral rules, and party system. Young-adult participants come from highly diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in all cases. Political science and psychology literatures are the basis of a multi-dimensional framework about how context molds mental templates of leadership, yielding eleven hypotheses. The 2×2×2 experimental factors, treatments (a lengthy candidate speech with partisan jargon and buzz words), field implementation, and ANOVA techniques used for analysis are outlined in detail. Resident in-country experts who implemented the experiment interpret findings against key country-specific historic and current events in separate country chapters, followed by a chapter providing a meta-analysis of all hypotheses across cases. Though many broad and case specific conclusions can be drawn, the main finding is that traditional leadership images (leaders are men) appear only where defense dominates the political agenda. Otherwise, in diverse contexts, women candidates are accepted as leaders by the participants, indicating young adults’ approval of women’s ability to hold diverse posts, win votes, and manage stereotypically masculine policy areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".