Effect of Relative Density and Particle Morphology on the Bearing Capacity and Collapse Mechanism of Strip Footings in Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of load tests performed on a half-strip model footing (width B=50 mm) placed on the surface of samples prepared with one of two uniform silica sands [Ohio Gold Frac (OGF) sand and Ottawa 20–30 (OTC) sand] with different relative densities. The sand samples were air-pluviated inside a half-cylindrical calibration chamber equipped with imaging capabilities. Sequential, high-resolution images taken during the model footing load tests were analyzed using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique to obtain the displacement and strain fields in the sand domain. The effect of sand relative density on the footing load–settlement curves and bearing capacity factor Nγ was investigated for both OGF and OTC sands. The results obtained from the model footing load tests show that, for a given relative density, the bearing capacity of the footing and the value of Nγ decrease with increasing roundness of the sand particles; the effect of particle roundness on the value of Nγ is more pronounced for dense sand than for loose sand. Different points on the footing load–settlement curve were identified to investigate the development of the collapse mechanism of the model footing. Plots of the maximum shear strain contours were shown to adequately capture shear localization in the sand domain during model footing loading. The thickness of the shear band was found to be on the order of 10D50 and 7D50 for the model footing tested on dense OGF and OTC sand samples, respectively.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".