Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book was several years in the making.It began with three dedicated reports on NORAD, entitled "NORAD in Perpetuity?Challenges and Opportunities for Canada (2014), " "Left of Bang: NORAD's Maritime Warning Mission and North American Domain Awareness" (2015), and "NORAD: Beyond Modernization" (2019), funded by the Canadian Department of Defence's Targeted Engagement Program. 1 As a result of the unprecedented access to successive NORAD command teams, personnel, foreign policy advisors, and government officials on both sides of the border, these reports were the impetus for the authors and the University of Manitoba's Centre for Defence and Security Studies to host Canada's celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of NORAD at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg on 24 May 2018. 2 A former Chief of the Defence Staff, commanders, deputy commanders, policy advisors, current NORAD personnel, and historians spoke at this incredible event that featured a flyby by 2 CF-18s, not to mention static displays of historical NORAD interceptors (including the VooDoo), the 2018 CF-18 demonstration interceptor, and an amazing cake with a rotating globe that served hundreds.We are very grateful to the support and assistance of Global Affairs Canada, 1 CAD/CANR, 2 CAD and 17 Wing, and the NORAD headquarters.While immersion into all things NORAD meant that we knew a little more about NORAD, we still had more questions.Building on the incredible scholarship of Joseph Jockel, Joel Sokolsky, and Richard Goette, to whom we are most indebted, we sought to consider the future of NORAD.Along the way, many were instrumental in shaping this book, including many serving and retired NORAD, Canadian and US military and civilian personnel, as well as academics including Troy Bouffard
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.537 | 0.355 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".