Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Differences in the Molecular Mechanisms of Oat Leaves Responding to Salt and Alkali Stress Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant growth and production are more severely inhibited by alkalinity than by salinity. However, the metabolites responsible for the reduced growth caused by alkalinity are largely unknown. Here, the Illumina RNA-Seq analysis and targeted metabolome were used to identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites responding to salt and alkali stresses. The expression levels of eight genes related to photosynthesis and some genes related to chlorophyll synthesis decreased under alkali stress, whereas no changes were detected under salt stress, which may explain the observed lower level of photosynthetic rate in alkalinity than in salinity. Under alkali stress, significant decreases in the relative abundances of cis-cinnamic acid and scopoline were observed, which correlated with the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The levels of protocatechuic acids decreased, correlating with the observed decrease in the chlorophyll content. Alkalinity markedly increased the production of o-coumaric acid, which contributes to growth inhibition. No significant changes in cis-cinnamic acid, scopoline, and o-coumaric acid were detected in salinity, which may be the reason for the stronger growth inhibition due to alkali stress than salt stress. The accumulation of citric acid, serotonin, pyroglutamic acid, L-citrulline, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid was detected under salt and alkali stress conditions, indicating high free radical scavenging capacity. The enhancement of mevalonic acid and salicylic acid levels was detected under alkali stress, which could have facilitated chlorophyll accumulation. Salt and alkali stress conditions also led to the accumulation of cyclic AMP related to inorganic ion regulation and betaine-related osmoregulation. Benzamide, phenethylamine, N-feruloyltyramine, chrysoeriol 6-C-hexoside, 1,3-o-di-p-coumaroyl glycerol, cordycepin, and 1-o-p-cumaroylglycerol were identified to be accumulated in response to alkali stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".