Editorial: Neonatal host immune responses to pulmonary infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Editorial on the Research Topic Neonatal host immune responses to pulmonary infectionsInfants are more susceptible to severe pulmonary infections compared to older children and adults.Historically, this has been attributed to an immature host immunity in the early months after birth.However, recent evidence describes a decidedly more complex and strategic infant immune response that is heavily influenced by a variety of factors.Understanding these factors and how they influence acute and subsequent responses to pulmonary pathogens along with strategies to mitigate long-term sequelae are the focus of this Research Topic, titled Neonatal Host Immune Response to Pulmonary Infections.In total, Frontiers in Immunology published 8 articles prepared by 56 authors from 5 countries, covering topics related to 1) factors that influence adaptive and innate immune responses to early life infection, 2) mechanisms of viral associated asthma, and 3) preventative/treatment strategies.In the first line of research, Eddens et al. references staggering estimates of over 100 million lower respiratory tract infections each year in children under 5 years of age, which account for up to 900,000 deaths annually.Authors cite factors contributing to infection risk that include reduced innate immune cell function and a tolerogenic adaptive immune response with reduced memory T cell formation in infants compared to adults.Authors describe a Th2 skewed immune response to three leading causes of respiratory morbidity and mortality in young childrenrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV)that is largely triggered by epithelial cell-derived alarmins that contribute to long-term pathologic changes in some models.In a separate, but complementary review, Pieren et al. describe a "phasic shift" in the adaptive immune response to early life pulmonary infections.Present at birth, authors define Phase I as a rapid expansion of neonatal T cells that express TLRs for non-specific pathogen recognition, but which comes at the expense of poor long-term memory.Phase 2 marks a transition period to Phase 3, whereby memory cells become the main pool of cells that Frontiers in Immunology frontiersin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".