A Nodal Model for Non-Linear Conduction in Toner Particles Modified with Conductive Additives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conductive toners utilized in some single- and dualcomponent development systems can be formulated by dispersing fine conductive additives on the surface of insulative toner particles. Electrical conductivity of such toners depends not only on intrinsic conductivity of the additives, but also on their dispersion on toner surface, and, to a great extent, on the method of conductivity measurement.The present model describes electrical conductance of an individual toner particle with a sub-monolayer of fine conductive additives dispersed on its surface. The model is based on an equivalent electrical circuit consisting of nodes assigned to individual additives, and non-linear resistors representing percolation currents between the additives. Non-linear current-balance equations constructed for each node were solved numerically to obtain the overall current-voltage response of an individual toner particle as a function of the size, volume fraction, and level of dispersion of the conductive additives. Experimental verification of the present model and methods of toner conductivity measurements will also be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".