High-rate and selective conversion of CO2 from aqueous solutions to hydrocarbons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conversion to hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane (CH 4 ), offers a promising solution for the long-term and large-scale storage of renewable electricity. To enable this technology, CO 2 -to-CH 4 conversion must achieve high selectivity and energy efficiency at high currents. Here, we report an electrochemical conversion system that features proton-bicarbonate-CO 2 mass transport management coupled with an in-situ copper (Cu) activation strategy to achieve high CH 4 selectivity at high currents. We find that open matrix Cu electrodes sustain sufficient local CO 2 concentration by combining both dissolved CO 2 and in-situ generated CO 2 from the bicarbonate. In-situ Cu activation through alternating current operation renders and maintains the catalyst highly selective towards CH 4 . The combination of these strategies leads to CH 4 Faradaic efficiencies of over 70% in a wide current density range (100 – 750 mA cm -2 ) that is stable for at least 12 h at a current density of 500 mA cm -2 . The system also delivers a CH 4 concentration of 23.5% in the gas product stream.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".