Diffusive Leakage Through Existing and/or Induced Microfractures in the Caprock of CO2 Storage System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Safe sequestration of CO2 in subsurface formations requires a caprock that inhibits the unwanted flow of the stored fluids. However, the preexisting fractures and the induced fractures initiated by overpressure and thermal stresses may act as potential leakage pathways. In this study, we describe a physical problem where the caprock with tiny embedded microfractures is subjected to overpressurization at the storage layer. The average effect of the existing and induced fractures is accounted for by employing a spatially variant permeability field. Also, the alteration of effective local stress is considered by applying Pedrosa’s stress-sensitive model. The coupled model for the pressure diffusion in the caprock and monitoring aquifer is solved using a general Bessel function solution and Laplace transform. The nonlinearity due to stress sensitivity was attenuated by Pedrosa’s transform, and a perturbation solution was obtained. The obtained solution was verified analytically and compared against classical solutions. The spatial variability of the caprock permeability field is effectively represented by the caprock’s two endpoint permeability values, storage/caprock interface permeability, and caprock/monitoring aquifer interface permeability. The ratio between the caprock’s two endpoint permeability values, intactness ratio, is observed to decrease with the increase in the permeability modulus, indicating permeability enhancement due to pressure buildup in the caprock. We identified that the temporal change in the spatially variant permeability field due to stress sensitivity is negligible. The results revealed that all averaging methods underestimate the pressure inside the caprock compared to a spatially variant case. This underestimation is minimum at the interface of caprock and monitoring formation for the harmonic average. The pressure evolution in the monitoring aquifer shows an overestimation of pressure when arithmetic and geometric average permeabilities are considered, while the results obtained using a harmonic average are similar to those of the spatially variant case. The reported work is unique as it accounts for pressure diffusion through preexisting and induced fractures and provides a coupled solution for pressure evolution in monitoring aquifers. This analytical model can be extended for double porosity formations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".