Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia by Stevan K. Pavlowitch (review)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
772 SEER, 88, 4, OCTOBER 2OIO This shortyetextraordinarily richaccountofStalinist politicsand Soviet lifeshouldbe readwidely. Department ofHistory IndianaUniversity, Bloomington HlROAKI KUROMIYA Pavlowitch,Stevan K. Hitler's NewDisorder: TheSecondWorldWarin Yugoslavia. Hurstand Company,London,2008. xix + 333 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes.Chronology. Bibliography. Index.£25.00. In recentyears,severalstudieshave appeared which have enrichedour understanding of the complexhistory of theformer Yugoslaviaduringthe Second WorldWar. Some of theseworksare based on new researchthat examinesthelocal dynamics ofoccupation, collaboration, massmurder and resistance inBosnia-Herzegovina (MarkoAttila Hoare,TomislavDulie),while others(JozoTomasevich)are more synthetic in natureand generalist in scope. StevanK. Pavlowitch has produceda finestudywhich,althoughlargely synthetic and probablyintended first and foremost fora generalist audience, is based on a rigorousreadingof a wide arrayof sourcesand makesan important contribution to our understanding ofeventsin former Yugoslavia between1941and 1945.Few scholars possessProfessor Pavlowitch's breadth and depthofknowledge ofthiscomplextopic,as demonstrated byhisearlier contributions. His newbook,dividedintofivechapters, beginswitha discussionoftheKingdomofYugoslaviaon theeveoftheAxisinvasion, witheach subsequentchapterdevotedto everyyear of the occupation,exceptthe lastwhichcoversthe periodfrom January1944to May 1945.Withinthis chronological framework, Pavlowitch providesa comprehensive yetconcise discussion oftheSecondWorldWar in former Yugoslavia. The mostinteresting sections ofthebookdeal withtheresistance and the contest between JosipBroz Tito's Partisanmovement and DragoljubDraza Mihailovic'sChetniks.Withinthis discussion,Pavlowitchgives extensive treatment to Mihailovicand thepolitically disparate Chetnik movement. He argues that the Chetniksrepresented 'an amorphousphenomenon'who acquiredstructure thankslargelyto Mihailovic.But even as themovement tookform as the'YugoslavArmyin theHomeland',itwas tornbypolitical divisions, as a result ofwhichitlackeda coherent politicalstrategy, and was made militarily ineffective partlybecause of differences over tactics.Even moreproblematic was thefactthatthemovement had limited appeal among non-Serbs. Underthecircumstances, and inlight ofthefailure oftheinterwar Yugoslavstate, whichwasviewedbymostnon-Serbs as a GreatSerbianstate, the emergenceof a panYugoslav , non-Communist resistancemovement was virtually impossible. These weaknesses were deftly exploitedby Tito's Partisans, who proved to be the only group,througha combinationof determined leadership, ideologicalcommitment, tacticalnationalist appeals and sheerruthlessness, capable of managing, ifnot necessarily solving, the nationalquestion. reviews 773 Synthetic histories arebytheir verynatureoften problematic and proneto criticism, butthereislittle todisapprove ofinthisbook.In fact, thisreviewer was onlyleft wanting more.Pavlowitch's concluding remark aboutthe'mess ofmyths' (p.282)thatisthelegacyofcivilwarand post-war Communist rule, is pregnant withpossibilities. This is notto suggest thatPavlowitch does not tacklesomeofthesemyths. Buta dissection ofthesemyths and a discussion of theircontemporary relevance,which admittedly may lie beyond the intendedscope ofthebook,wouldhave made foran interesting postscript. Hitler's NewDisorder is a superior workofhistorical scholarship thatshouldbe requiredreadingforanyoneinterested in theSecond WorldWar in former Yugoslaviaand,indeed,itspost-war history and ultimate demise. Department ofJustice, Canada Ottawa Mark Biondigh Boeckh, Katrin. Stalinismus inderUkraine. Die Rekonstruktion dessozvjetischen Systems nachdem^weiten Weltkrieg. Veröffentlichungen des OsteuropaInstitutes München. Reihe: Geschichte,71. Harrassowitz,Wiesbaden, 2007. 605 pp. Tables. Notes.Bibliography. Appendix.Index.€84.00. Katrin Boegkh's monographseeks to explain how the Stalinistregime re-established itself in Ukrainefollowing theexpulsion oftheGermanarmy. Byconcentrating on theyears1944to 1946,herworkspansthepointatwhich theWestern historiography ofUkrainenormally beginstoloseinterest in the country. Atthesametime,shedevotesa considerable portion ofherbookto placingthisperiodin thebroadercontext ofthehistory oftheSovietUnion duringand afterthe Second World War. Thus, Stalinismus in derUkraine belongsto the verysmallgroupof studiesof post-warUkraine,but also addressesa numberof issueswhichhave been the object of considerable discussion. Boeckh'sbookprovidesa synthesis oftheexisting literature on Stalinism, thepost-war SovietUnion and Ukraine.In addition,a numberof sections draw upon primary researchin the Russian and Ukrainianarchives.She deals witha wide rangeof topics,fromthe more familiar, such as Soviet antisemitism and theregime's struggle againsttheUkrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), to thelesswellknown, forexamplethereturn ofevacuatedartand thecreation ofwomen'scouncilsin Western Ukraine. Due to theextensive use ofsecondary literature, Boeckh'sconclusions are sound,but do not fundamentally changeour understanding of theperiod. The Sovietregimesoughtto recreate a homogenous society in theprovinces liberated fromGermanoccupationbyobscuring thedifferent experiences of theSecondWorldWar,forexampleinitsdenialoftheHolocaustas a crime directedagainstJews,and persecuting and deporting not onlythosewho actively resisted theSovietstate, butalso thosewhoweresimply suspected of beingitsopponents. At thesame time,it hoped to mobilizethepopulation to participate in the economicreconstruction of the country. The Soviet ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".