Individual specialization is the highest in generalist populations from intermediary to high trophic positions in tropical freshwater fishes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Individual specialization (IS) refers to intrapopulation variation in resource use unrelated to ontogeny, sexual dimorphism, or discrete morphological variation. A broad niche increases individual specialization because individuals might segregate in niche space. If trophic position influences niche breadth, it would indirectly constrain the degree of individual specialization. Intermediate trophic levels, usually associated with omnivory, might display fewer constraints on their trophic niche, leading to high levels of individual specialization. We investigate the degree of individual specialization and its relationship to the trophic position in 121 fish populations belonging to 32 species from the upper Tocantins River, Central Brazil. We calculated IS using the index V based on the stomach contents of individuals, whereas values close to 1 indicate strong IS. IS ranged from 0 to 0.87 and greatly varied among species. We showed that niche breadth positively affects a population's individual specialization regardless of its trophic position. Populations occupying intermediate and high trophic positions displayed the highest degrees of individual specialization. Omnivory has no significant effect over individual specialization values. We argue that the intricate relationship among individual specialization, trophic position, and niche breadth relates to the great ecological opportunity and trophic plasticity in tropical fishes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".