Experimental Validation of a Module-Level Battery Safety System for Thermal Runaway Containment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3988.vid A test to validate a module-level battery safety system for high-capacity aviation batteries was developed and performed. The test assessed the safety system’s effectiveness in containing fragments, smoke and other emissions resulting from battery fire, known as thermal runaway, as well as its ability to prevent propagation of thermal runaway to adjacent battery modules. This was done to enable flight-testing of a hybrid-electric aircraft which used this battery safety system. The battery in this study was built from lithium-ion cells and was sized specifically for the National Research Council of Canada’s (NRC) Hybrid Electric Aircraft Testbed (HEAT). The battery safety system was evaluated destructively by forcing a fully-representative battery module into thermal runaway. Modules were installed in a test cell at the NRC’s battery performance and safety evaluation research facility. The target module was deliberately forced into thermal runaway by applying heat externally to a single cell. Adjacent ‘observer’ modules were used to evaluate heat transfer and temperature rise at the next nearest modules. The battery and its safety system were instrumented with thermocouples and pressure sensors at critical locations, monitored by optical and infrared cameras, and evaluated in an environment representative of the aircraft installation. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was utilized to measure concentration of any leaked gaseous compounds resulting from thermal runaway. A test procedure for evaluating thermal runaway containment and non-propagation, including pass criteria was developed. The first design iteration and test resulted in a loss of containment. The battery safety system was redesigned based on the knowledge gained by testing the first iteration and ultimately resulted in full containment of a thermal runaway. It was determined that by using and validating a module-level battery safety system, the risk posed by a thermal runaway event could be significantly reduced, providing time to safely land and complete an emergency evacuation of the aircraft following a battery fire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".