Distinctive Features of Monsoon-TC Joint Rainfall over Western North Pacific and its Relationship with the Maritime Continent Thermal Condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Western North Pacific (WNP) are both responsible for the East Asian summer rainfall, yet most studies only examine their rainfall separately. In this study, the East Asian summer rainfall for the past 39-years (1983-2021, May to September) is divided into three categories: monsoon rainfall without TCs’ influence (monsoon-only rainfall), TC rainfall independent of monsoon (TC-only rainfall) and monsoon-TC joint (MS-TC) rainfall. Compared with the other two categories, MS-TC rainfall exhibits distinctive features. During strong MS-TC years, a distinct cyclonic anomaly centre prevails over tropical WNP with anomalous southeasterlies extending from the tropics to the subtropics. Large rainfall centres are located at the west edge of the northern Philippines, the Philippine Basin, and the Korean Peninsula. The WNP Subtropical High (WNPSH) withdrawals eastward, with an eastward extension of the monsoon trough. These circulation configurations provide favourable environmental conditions for more northward movements of TCs, including low-level positive relative vorticity and enhanced vertical motion in WNP.Observational and theoretical analysis results show that anomalous thermal conditions in the southern Maritime Continent (MC) (97.5°−112.5°E, 8°−18°S) in early spring (March to April) can be a precursor for anomalous MS-TC rainfall. Strong MS-TC rainfall is usually preceded by depressed convection and anomalous westerlies near the MC. These anomalies can persist through the following summer and induce the positive feedback of cooling sea surface temperature (SST) in MC and cyclonic anomalies in tropical WNP through the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) effect and local Hadley circulation anomalies. The linear baroclinic model (LBM) experiments demonstrate that enhanced convection in tropical WNP further maintains the anomalous cyclone through Gill's response, which in turn modulates the distribution and amount of MS-TC rainfall.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".