Space Cooling Energy Potential of Domestic Cold Water before Household Consumption in Cold-Climate Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Space cooling energy consumption in residential buildings has tripled globally over the past three decades, leading to a significant increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and building operating costs. To reduce building cooling energy consumption, cooling energy can be recovered from domestic cold water (DCW) for space cooling by circulating DCW through thermally massive walls (herein “DCW-wall”) before regular household consumption (e.g., showers). This approach is more effective in cold climate regions since the DCW is cooler in these regions, yet its engineering design and effectiveness have not been evaluated previously. This study evaluated the cooling potential of DCW-walls in different operation scenarios (e.g., inlet temperatures, zone temperatures, and piping configurations). A typical DCW usage pattern and a daily amount of 1200 L were selected for evaluation. Three-dimensional transient thermal simulations were used to obtain the water outlet temperatures, average wall surface temperatures, and cooling potentials. The results showed that a DCW wall with a spiral piping configuration and DCW inlet at 12 °C can deliver 21.92 MJ of cooling energy daily to a zone at 25 °C. This amount of free energy can cover up to approximately 11% of the annual cooling energy demand of a four-person dwelling in Toronto, Canada, which has a warm and humid summer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".