Single Crystal Li<sub>1+x</sub>[Ni<sub>0.6</sub>Mn<sub>0.4</sub>]<sub>1−x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Made by All-Dry Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cobalt-free, single crystal layered-oxide positive electrode materials like Li 1+x [Ni 0.6 Mn 0.4 ] 1−x O 2 (NM64) have received recent interest because of their low cost, high-voltage stability, and good cycle life. In this work, single crystal NM64 is successfully produced with a simple all-dry synthesis process that requires no water, no intermediate chemicals, and produces little waste. The all-dry synthesized NM64 has ≤ 4% nickel in the lithium layer based on Rietveld refinement of powder XRD patterns, has a median particle size of 2–5 μ m based on SEM and particle size analysis, and has excellent high-voltage stability at C/5 up to 4.4 V vs Li + /Li compared to a commercial material. Additionally, tungsten coating is shown to decrease the median particle size and improve the cycling stability in half cells from 91% retained capacity after 100 cycles to 93% retained capacity when 0.3% tungsten is added. It is believed that this incredibly simple process could be adopted relatively easily into current commercial positive electrode manufacturing facilities to reduce the complexity, cost, and time of manufacture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".