Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on the ranching industry in western prairie Canada from the early 1870 s until just before World War I.Western prairie Canada refers to the region that stretches from the Bow River near Calgary on the northern extremity to the American border on the south and from the foothills of the Rockies on the western side, to the Cypress Hills and Wood Mountain districts on the east.Before 1905 , of course, this entire region was part of the North-West Territories.The Cypress Hills and Wood Mountains were in southwestern Assiniboia, but the rest was in southern Alberta.The ranching industry was serviced principally by the four urban centres of Calgary, Fort Macleod, Lethbridge, and Maple Creek.My main purpose is to offer serious resistance to views about the ranching frontier that have gained currency amongst academics and been disseminated to the general reading public.Essentially there are two views of concern.The first is that the frontier environment itself made a comparatively minor impact on the society that participated in the ranching industry.This argument did not originate from, but it has, at least inadvertently, been bolstered in recent years by two major ranching authorities.1 First, it is implied in L.G. Thomas's seminal work Rancher's Legacy .Thomas depicts the families in the High River area as British and eastern members of polite society who looked after their lands with minimal physical effort and spent their leisure hours attending polo matches, grand European balls, and turf club gatherings. 2 Substantial support for his depiction has come from the prodigious research of David Breen.In The Canadian Prairie West and the Ranching Frontier, 1874 -1924 , Breen concentrates on the great ranches that were established on the very large twenty-one year leases provided by the Conservative government in 1881 .He tells his readers that "a majority of those who came to the southwest corner of the Canadian prairie … were collectively very different from the American ranch community."They were also "distinct from the larger western farm population with whom they are usually included."These "uniquely Canadian" 3 people were not "frontiersmen" but "representatives of the metropolitan culture of the East and
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.438 | 0.237 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".