Innovative approach for vaccinating Nile tilapia, <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> against <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> using an ozone nanobubble pre-treatment, VAC in BAG and VAC in FEED
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The treatment of Nile tilapia with ozone nanobubbles (ONb) prior to vaccination with an immersible heat-killed Streptococcus agalactiae ( Sa ) vaccine has been reported to modulate and enhance both innate and specific immunity. The efficacy of this novel vaccination strategy is explored further in field trials. This strategy involved a short-term treatment of ONb to activate the fish’s immunity prior to immersion vaccination during their transportation in oxygenated plastic bags (VAC in BAG), followed by two oral boosters during the grow-out stage mixing vaccine in feed (VAC in FEED). The field trial was conducted over 112 days in open cages, comprising four groups: normal aeration control (AC), normal aeration + vaccine (AV), ONb control (NC), and ONb + vaccine (NV). The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by measuring specific antibodies for S. agalactiae , monitoring expressions of IgM and IgT transcripts in the gills and head kidney every two weeks, and a laboratory pathogen challenge. Results found that fish in the NV group had significant increases in anti- S. agalactiae antibodies after the primary dose, whereas fish in the AV group required an oral booster dose to produce significant anti- S. agalactiae antibodies. In the vaccinated groups (AV and NV), only IgM was observed to be upregulated at 14 days post-immersion (dpi), while this gene was upregulated in both gills and head kidney in the NC group. No statistically significant upregulation of IgT was recorded in any group at any time point. Despite a decline in the levels of specific antibodies among the vaccinated groups at the time of challenge (88 dpi), the NV and AV groups demonstrated a relative percent survival (RPS) of 50% and 46.7%, respectively, following a relatively high injection dose of S. agalactiae injection (0.1 mL of 10 8 CFU/mL). In summary, this ONb, VAC in BAG and VAC in FEED vaccination strategy represents a promising alternative to the undesirable handling and costly injection approach used within the Nile tilapia industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".