Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Note on TerminologyThroughout the text Canada is normally used to designate the area encompassed by the Dominion of Canada.This term technically is incorrect for many portions of the present Dominion prior to 1867 (and for Newfoundland before 1949).When technical accuracy is required, as in dealing with legal matters, more precise terms are used.New France refers to the French colony prior to 1763.The Maritime Provinces are Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; if reference is made to the Atlantic Provinces, these three provinces are joined by Newfoundland.Initially, Prince Edward Island was called Isle St. Jean; New Brunswick was part of Nova Scotia until 1784.Toronto was York until 1837.Until 1841, present-day Ontario was Upper Canada and present-day Quebec was Lower Canada; from 1841 to 1867, they were Canada West and Canada East respectively.During both periods they were referred to collectively as the Canadas, a term that excluded the Maritime Provinces.The whole of these British possessions were the British North American Provinces and they were, despite the term provinces, colonies.The Crown Colony of Vancouver Island was proclaimed in 1849, and it did not unite with British Columbia until 1866; references to British Columbia prior to the latter date are not meant to include the island.Some Canadians regard Americans as inappropriate when applied exclusively to inhabitants of the United States, but the word is so used here.Finally, Negroes as used in this study means any people who considered themselves to be Negro, or who were so considered by the law.West Indians are included within the term except where stated otherwise.There is a substantial body of literature which traces the evolution of this word and which suggests that colored is a more satisfactory term, while many Negroes today prefer Afro-Americans or blacks.Since few white Canadians were aware of these controversies, and since many Negroes quite rightly reject colored for the value judgment it implies, Negro is given its broader, or popular, meaning here, although all of the terms are used, in context.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.043 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".