In the shadow of violence: the Madagascan nexus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Countries posting steady long-run economic decline have generally suffered repeated cycles of poor governance and violence. Since independence, however, Madagascar has never been permanently paralyzed by domestic or even less by external armed conflicts. The island has often been presented by many observers as a ‘peaceful’ country. This article questions the reality of this non-violent Malagasy society, drawing on statistical data and going back in time to lay the groundwork for a history of political violence. It proposes interpretations of the low use of physical violence in the public space, by the state, social groups and individuals and the growing sense of insecurity, far greater than the rise in interpersonal violence. This situation stems from the structure of Malagasy society itself. Weak organization, among both fragmented elites and a geographically atomized and socially dominated population, is not conducive to the emergence of political violence. The preponderance of symbolic violence keeps the established order in place and hampers the emergence of movements likely to challenge the societal balance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".