National and local politics, 1774–1784
Bibliographic record
Abstract
National politics, 1774–1780 Despite the success of opposition candidates Edmund Burke (Opposition Whig) and Henry Cruger (a New Yorker) in Bristol, North won the 1774 general election with ease. Now he had to try to resolve his policy over the increasingly intransigent American colonies. He favoured conciliation but his cabinet wanted action. He offered the colonies freedom from parliamentary taxation if they voluntarily provided funds for the navy and the army for the newly emerging empire. Only Nova Scotia succumbed. North's hopes of separating New York and Pennsylvania from the more militant states failed. At the same time General Gage, based in Boston, tried to secure an arms depot and so the first battles of the war of independence were fought at Lexington and Concord. In 1775 there was a polarisation of British public opinion with plentiful petitions both for and against the war. The church favoured the government and firm action. Dissenters supported the opposition and peace. William Pitt the elder favoured giving the colonies the right to tax and Burke called for reconciliation. On 23 August 1775 North made the ‘Proclamation of Rebellion’, in effect a declaration of war against the colonies. It was only on 4 July 1776 that the thirteen colonies made the Declaration of Independence. War did not lead immediately to the dislocation of trade that many feared. Industries involved in armaments and munitions indeed saw a boom. Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations showed that trade was not as dependent on strict regulation, as was then thought. In 1777 military strategy concentrated on trying to cut off New England. General Burgoyne, author of the 1772 India Report, led an army of 5000 troops from Quebec in Canada through Philadelphia intending to join up with Earl Howe's main British army in the south. Burgoyne was cut off and had to surrender at Saratoga on 17 October 1777. This defeat suggested that the British might lose and, if they won, the war would be lengthy and costly. In February 1778 France entered an alliance with the United States and in 1779 Spain joined them. Lord North thus faced a colonial war with major European complications. At home merchants became concerned at the danger to their shipping from a European war. Irish trade was particularly hit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".