Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper deals with the threshold radius that warrants the use of single restraining rail for transit and railroads. A simple and quick assessment method is developed. A restraining rail reduces the angle of attack (AOA) to reduce the likelihood of wheel climb derailment and to reduce wear provided it is installed close enough to the inner (lower) rail to prevent flange contact with the outer (higher) running rail. Angle of attack depends on wheel base, curve radius, and free play; the threshold radius is formulated by considering these three parameters. A critical angle of attack on a circular curve is assumed to be 1.5 times the angle of attack on a tangent track to warrant a restraining rail. The assumption is rational because angle of attack of 10 mrad or more might cause derailment. The formula is validated from three different points of view, for example, by comparing the threshold radius by the suggested formula with real life examples, etc. If the radius of the curve is less than threshold radius, then the restraining rail needs to be extended into the spiral up to a point where the radius matches with the threshold radius. A formula is suggested to determine the extension of single restraining rail into the spiral subject to a minimum requirement. The threshold radius for non-conventional truck is determined to avoid restraining rail on super sharp curve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".