Abstract 15705: Immunomodulatory Titanium Carbide MXene Nanosheets for Treatment of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is an aggressive form of atherosclerosis and a major cause of mortality among patients with heart transplants. Blood vessel endothelial cells stimulate alloreactive T-lymphocytes to result in sustained inflammation. MXenes are an emerging class of nanomaterials that have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. Herein, we report the first application of titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXene nanosheets for prevention of allograft vasculopathy. Methods and Results: Detailed physicochemical characterization of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets was performed using scanning/transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets were 2 to 5 μm in size and enriched with biologically active surface groups. In vitro , MXene nanosheets interacted with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and downregulated the expression of genes involved in alloantigen presentation through the class I major histocompatibility complex (IRF1, TAP1, B2M), and reduced the activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of co-cultured allogeneic lymphocytes. Consequently, RNA-Seq analysis of these lymphocytes showed that treatment with MXene nanosheets downregulated genes responsible for transplant-induced T-cell activation, cell-mediated rejection, and development of allograft vasculopathy. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant negative enrichment of genes involved in interferon alpha/beta and interferon gamma signaling. Finally, in an in vivo rat model of allograft vasculopathy, treatment with Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets reduced lymphocyte infiltration and preserved medial smooth muscle cell integrity within transplanted aortic allografts. Conclusion: These findings support the potential of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets for prevention and treatment of allograft vasculopathy and other inflammatory diseases. This research also opens the door to development of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene technologies for other immune-sensitive regenerative medicine applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".