Production of sugars from mixed hardwoods for use in the synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters catalyzed by immobilized‐stabilized derivatives of <i>Candida antarctica</i> lipase B
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters (SFAEs) from lignocellulosic biomass and oleic acid (C18:1) was catalyzed by immobilized‐stabilized derivatives of Candida antarctica lipase B in a methyl ethyl ketone medium. After steam‐explosion pretreatment of mixed hardwoods and enzymatic hydrolysis at 15%wt solids, xylose and glucose were purified/concentrated to a mass ratio of ~3 to 1. These lignocellulosic sugars were superior to commercial sugars as the carbohydrate source for the esterification reaction in terms of sugar conversions. The highest conversions were obtained using 1.5% w/v of Novozyme 435 (N435, uncoated) as the biocatalyst for the synthesis of SFAEs. Coating the N435 with polyethyleneimine (PEI) prevented enzyme leakage into the reaction medium and produced 35% and 50% higher xylose and glucose conversions to SFAEs, respectively, at the same enzyme loading. After six 24 h reuse cycles with the PEI‐coated N435, xylose conversion decreased by 44%, while a 65% reduction in xylose conversion was observed with the uncoated lipase. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the production of xylose and glucose mono‐ and di‐esters. Our purified product presented an emulsion capacity (EC) close to that of a commercial sugar ester and the ECs of the xylose oleate, laurate, and palmitate synthesized in previous studies. © 2023 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".