Italian Outside the Classroom at the University of Toronto (1881-1940)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1881, almost thirty years after the institution of the Chair in Modern Languages at the University of Toronto in 1853 and its abolition in 1867, creating separate instructorship in French, German, Italian and Spanish, the students taking those subjects organized a Modern Language Club.! It was for this reason that the Modern Language Club of University of Toronto officially came into being in 1881 under the surveillance of the Department of Modern Languages.? A good working relationship developed between staff and students, according to John Squair, who founded and became the first President of the Modern Language Association of Ontario in 1886, three years after the birth of the Modern Language Association of America in 1883.It was not, however, until 1887 when William H. Fraser joined the staff in Modern Languages, serving later as the first Head of Department of Italian and Spanish until 1916 when he retired, that Italian received special attention outside the classroom.Fraser, the first councillor of the Modern Language Association of Ontario and its secretary from 1898 to 1909, workedwith Squair in establishing high professional standards in language teaching and took a keen interest in student activities.*There is no doubt that a strong student involvement in the cultural life of French, German, Spanish and Italian was of great help to the three lecturers involved: Squair, William H. Van der Smissen and Fraser, in their struggle for equality of the departments and the establishment of three separate chairs which became a reality on July 1, 1891, a date of «a Eu
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".