Italian and Italians in Educational Institutions of English-Speaking Canada (1840-1887)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MADDALENA KUITUNENAnyone who attempted to look for guidelines, in the late 1950s or early 1960s concerning the teaching of Italian as a High School subject in Ontario would have naturally looked at a Department of Education circular, under the heading Italian, where he would to his surprise be told; see French.If the suggestion was of limited help to a young graduate embarking on the teaching profession it was proof that for a long period of time, both in secondary and post secondary institutions, the fortunes of Italian had been associated with French and two other modern languages: Spanish and German.This had also been the case for years in the States south of the border, where Bagster Collins informs us that in addition to French, «Italian, Spanish and even German were also objects of study in the thriving coast towns in the pre-Revolutionary days.»! Aside from English, western civilization as a discipline on the North American continent, during the nineteenth century, was identified with the study of the cultures of France, Germany, Italy and Spain.Since schooling was then the privilege of a chosen minority, Italian, continuing an old English tradition spanning from Tudor to Stuart times,?was offered as a subject to children of the elite.If the first advertisement ever to appear in the United States for the teaching of Italian can be traced to the South Carolina Gazette of 1750, the first programme in Italian in Canada must be credited to the Da eo
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".