Application of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) on Newtonian and Two-phase Slurry Flow through the Annulus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of the study is to visualize the impact of fluid flow rate, fluid rheology, drill pipe rotation and eccentricity of drill pipe on cutting transport, transitional velocity profile, the effect of near-wall fluid turbulence and drag stress with and without the solid cuttings bed to mimic best drilling conditions for horizontal wells in ex-situ conditions.The analysis has conducted using combined techniques of Laser-induced Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Seeding/fluorescent tracers tracking, and Refractive Index Matching (RIM).Experiments have been performed on a plant-scale multiphase flow loop.The pipe sections of the flow loop and investigation area were made up of acrylic glass to imagine fluid flow patterns better.Biopolymer Flowzan is used in different concentrations to obtain non-Newtonian characteristics of the liquid.For PIV analysis, seeding particles of a hollow glass material having a uniform diameter of 20 nm and fluorescent particles of size 20-30 m were used to track and illuminate particles.A class IV LASER was used to illuminate the flow field inside the RIM box.The premixed seeding and fluorescent particles with the flow were tracked to evaluate the velocity field for the respective interested area by the PIV system.A high-speed CCD Phantom v7.3 camera was utilized to capture flowing particles under the laser field.Both Laser and camera were placed in the normal position to capture PIV images.The refraction Matching Index (RIM) method was applied to calibrate the system by introducing the same fluid inside the RIM box to avoid the error of particle position in the annulus due to glass-liquid-glass refraction.To evaluate the statistics for the desired velocity field of the flow acquired, data was thoroughly investigated with DaVis 8.4 software.Additionally, the turbulent behavior of the slurry flow has also been identified with high preciseness, and the corresponding characteristics of the suspended particles were also observed at the same time.The velocity field outcomes will suggest that at the bottom of the annulus section, the velocity at the near-wall region deviates from the bulk velocity of the fluid because of the solid accumulation tendency.However, a higher flow rate of the slurry may introduce more suspended solid particles, which can eventually result in a uniform velocity field for the whole annulus section.The fluid flow patterns were altered due to drill pipe rotations and solid particles' helical motion.The rotation of the drill pipe resulted in the solid and tracer particles scattered more uniformly in the annular cross-section, which provided a constructive impression on the cutting transport.This technique provides a better prediction of mass and momentum transfer and identification of velocity profiles and pressure drop gradient in multiphase flow on a large scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".